直接加氫與間接加氫
Direct hydrogenation and indirect hydrogenation
直接加氫法
Direct hydrogenation method
順酐直接加氫工藝是20世紀60年代更早由三菱油化以及三菱化成公司聯合開發成功的。該工藝能夠同時不同比例的THF (四氫呋喃)、GBL (y-丁內酯)和BDO等系列產品，反應條件不同，其產品的相應組成也是不同的。
The direct hydrogenation process of maleic anhydride was first successfully developed by Mitsubishi Oil Chemical and Mitsubishi Chemical Company in the 1960s. This process can simultaneously produce a series of products such as THF (tetrahydrofuran), GBL (y-butyrolactone), and BDO in different proportions. The corresponding composition of the products varies depending on the reaction conditions.
酯化加氫法
Esterification hydrogenation method
間接酯化加氫工藝更早是由英國Davy公司開發成功的，因此又叫Davy法。加氫反應可以在氣相或者是液相中進行，采用了銅系催化劑，主體反應的條件要比順酐直接加氫工藝溫和很多。
The indirect esterification hydrogenation process was first developed by Davy Company in the UK, hence it is also known as the Davy process. The hydrogenation reaction can be carried out in either the gas phase or the liquid phase, using copper based catalysts. The main reaction conditions are much milder than the direct hydrogenation process of maleic anhydride.
由于順酐加氫是強放熱反應，直接加氫反應條件苛刻，控制難度高，目前還沒有工業化運行裝置，在運裝置均采用的是間接法。
Due to the strong exothermic reaction of maleic anhydride hydrogenation, the direct hydrogenation reaction conditions are harsh and difficult to control. Currently, there is no industrial operation device, and the indirect method is used in the operating devices.
氣相加氫與液相加氫
Gas phase hydrogenation and liquid phase hydrogenation
兩者化學反應方程式是一致的，區別在于加氫單元馬來酸二甲酯是在氣相還是在液相條件下反應。
The chemical reaction equations between the two are consistent, with the difference being whether the hydrogenation unit dimethyl maleate reacts in the gas or liquid phase conditions.
以英國Davy為代表的氣相加氫順酐法，是在進行加氫反應時，將所有的物料先氣化為氣相，再與氫氣（同樣為氣相）反應，更終制得BDO，并副產少量THF（根據需要也可以副產少量GBL）。
The gas-phase hydrogenation method of maleic anhydride, represented by Davy in the UK, involves gasification of all materials into the gas phase during the hydrogenation reaction, followed by reaction with hydrogen gas (also in the gas phase) to obtain BDO, which produces a small amount of THF as a by-product (a small amount of GBL can also be produced as needed).
以意大利Conser為代表的液相加氫順酐法，則不需要進化步驟，而是直接將液相的物料與氫氣（氣相）反應制BDO，因此該方法又可稱為混合相加氫順酐法。
The liquid phase hydrogenation maleic anhydride method, represented by Conser in Italy, does not require gasification steps, but directly reacts the liquid phase material with hydrogen (gas phase) to produce BDO. Therefore, this method can also be called the mixed phase hydrogenation maleic anhydride method.
目前多數技術公司的工藝是氣相加氫工藝。
Currently, most technology companies use gas phase hydrogenation processes.
消耗與排放
Consumption and emissions
正丁烷順酐法制BDO工藝路線，噸BDO的主要消耗大致為正丁烷1.15t、氫氣1200 m3。該法的主要原料為正丁烷和氫氣，正丁烷的按5000元/t計算，BDO的原料成本約1. 05萬元/t；如果外購順酐BDO，目前順酐的市場價約為1. 2萬元/t，噸BDO消耗順酐1.12t左右，BDO的成本較高。
The main consumption for producing ton of BDO through the process of n-butane maleic anhydride method is approximately 1.15 tons of n-butane and 1200 m3 of hydrogen gas. The main raw materials for this method are n-butane and hydrogen gas. The price of n-butane is calculated at 5000 yuan/t, and the raw material cost for producing BDO is about 1 050000 yuan/t; If purchasing maleic anhydride to produce BDO, the current market price of maleic anhydride is about 1 20000 yuan/t, with a consumption of about 1.12 tons of maleic anhydride per ton of BDO, the production cost of BDO is relatively high.
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